Definition and Examples of Logos in Rhetoric

In classical rhetoric, logos is the means of persuasion by demonstration of logical proof, real or apparent. Plural: logoi. Also called  rhetorical  argument, logical proof, and  rational appeal. Logos is one of the three kinds of artistic proof in Aristotles rhetorical theory. Logos has many meanings, notes George A. Kennedy. [I]t is anything that is said, but that can be a word, a sentence, part of a speech or of a written work, or a whole speech. It connotes the content rather than the style (which would be lexis) and often implies logical reasoning. Thus it can also mean argument and reason . . .. Unlike rhetoric, with its sometimes negative connotations, logos  [in the classical era] was consistently regarded as a positive factor in human life (A New History of Classical Rhetoric, 1994).   Etymology From the Greek, speech, word, reason Examples and Observations Aristotles third element of proof [after ethos and pathos] was logos or logical proof. . . . Like Plato, his teacher, Aristotle would have preferred that speakers use correct reasoning, but Aristotles approach to life was more pragmatic than Platos, and he wisely observed that skilled speakers could persuade by appealing to proofs that seemed true.Logos and the SophistsVirtually every person considered a Sophist by posterity was concerned with instruction in logos. According to most accounts, the teaching of the skills of public argument was the key to the Sophists financial success, and a good part of their condemnation by Plato...Logos in Platos PhaedrusRetrieving a more sympathetic Plato includes retrieving two essential Platonic notions. One is the very broad notion of logos that is at work in Plato and the sophists, according to which logos means speech, statement, reason, language, explanation, argument, and even the intelligibility of the world itself. Another is the notion, f ound in Platos Phaedrus, that logos has its own special power, psychagogia, leading the soul, and that rhetoric is an attempt to be an art or discipline of this power.Logos in Aristotles Rhetoric-  Aristotles great innovation in the Rhetoric is the discovery that argument is the center of the art of persuasion. If there are three sources of proof, logos, ethos, and pathos, then logos is found in two radically different guises in the Rhetoric. In I.4-14, logos is found in enthymemes, the body of proof; form and function are inseparable; In II.18-26 reasoning has force of its own. I.4-14 is hard for modern readers because it treats persuasion as logical, rather than emotional or ethical, but it is not in any easily recognizable sense formal.Logos vs. MythosThe logos of sixth- and fifth-century [BC] thinkers is best understood as a rationalistic rival to traditional mythos--the religious worldview preserved in epic poetry. . . . The poetry of the time performed the functions now assi gned to a variety of educational practices: religious instruction, moral training, history texts, and reference manuals (Havelock 1983, 80). . . . Because the vast majority of the population did not read regularly, poetry was preserved communication that served as Greek cultures preserved memory.Proof QuestionsLogical proofs  (SICDADS) are convincing because they are real and drawn from experience. Answer all of the proof questions that apply to your issue.Signs: What signs show that this might be true?Induction: What  examples  can I use? What conclusion can I draw from the examples? Can my readers make the inductive leap from the examples to an acceptance of the conclusion?Cause: What is the main cause of the controversy? What are the effects?Deduction: What conclusions will I draw? What general principles, warrants, and examples are they based on?Analogies: What  comparisons  can I make? Can I show that what happened in the past might happen again or that what happened in one case might happen in another?Definition: What do I need to define?Statistics: What statistics can I use? How should I present them   Pronunciation LO-gos Sources Halford Ryan,  Classical Communication for the Contemporary Communicator. Mayfield, 1992Edward Schiappa,  Protagoras, and Logos: A Study in Greek Philosophy and Rhetoric, 2nd ed. University of South Carolina Press, 2003James Crosswhite,  Deep Rhetoric: Philosophy, Reason, Violence, Justice, Wisdom. The University of Chicago Press, 2013Eugene Garver,  Aristotles Rhetoric: An Art of Character. The University of Chicago Press, 1994Edward Schiappa,  The Beginnings of Rhetorical Theory in Classical Greece. Yale University Press, 1999N. Wood,  Perspectives on Argument. Pearson, 2004

Canterbury Tales Satire Analysis - 866 Words

Chaucer (A Discussion of Geoffrey Chaucer’s use of Satire in Canterbury Tales Directed Towards Church Hypocrisy, Class Nobility, and the Patriarchy) All well known, articulate speakers and writers throughout history use critical speaking techniques to rally support from those around them. One such tool is the use of satire in public speaking or writing. Satire is the combination of a poignant message along with sarcasm. Arguably the founder of Middle English, Geoffrey Chaucer was a mastermind in the use of satire within his writing. â€Å"His genius is like that of Shakespeare, having a high degree of negative capability. Hence, Chaucer gives us no impression of being a great satirist, although in his writings...we have sharp little sallies of†¦show more content†¦He cannot see that he is exposing his criminality to his listeners,† (Andrews). The ultimate joke is that the pardoner is too drunk to understand that he is revealing his â€Å"game† to everyone around him. Through his writing of The Wife of Bath’s Prologue, Chaucer breaks down the patriarchy by explaining that women truly can have all the power and freedom they desire with manipulation. In her prologue, the wife explains that women are far smarter and more cunning than men. She explains her various tactics in which she uses her sexual power as well as deceitful tricks to place herself in complete control over her husbands. â€Å"So there’s one thing at least that I can boast, that in the end I always ruled the roast; cunning or force was sure to make them stumble, and always keeping up a steady grumble,† (126). Throughout all her marriages, the wife always tricks the husband into giving her total freedom to do as she pleases. As this would be a radical lifestyle of the time, it was a clear strike against patriarchy in Medieval times. â€Å"Ironically, she reveals herself to be the garrulous, indiscreet, deceitful woman, the ‘jangleresse and gossip tha t has been under attack by male authorities. She is as free with her speech as she is with her sexual activity,† (Miles). Her extensive prologue sets up the reader to yet another radical dig at social class systems within herShow MoreRelatedUse Of Satire In Canterbury Tales1301 Words   |  6 PagesChaucer’s Satyric Attack (An analysis of Chaucer’s use of satire to reach his intended audience in his Canterbury Tales) Satire is defined as â€Å"the use of humor, irony, exaggeration, or ridicule to expose and criticize peoples stupidity or vices, particularly in the context of contemporary politics and other topical issues† (Oxford). Another term that people would be more familiar with to describe this would be sarcasm. 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I say this cautiously because much criticism has surrounded the supposed character of the Nun’s Priest, his role in the tale, and his relationship to the Canterbury Tales as a whole. One example, in my opinion, of an unsatisfactoryRead MoreAn Analysis Of Chaucer s Th e Canterbury Tales 2650 Words   |  11 PagesAn Analysis of Chaucer’s Miller in The Canterbury Tales In the prologue to The Canterbury Tales, Chaucer introduces the Miller as a crude, rude, loud character who cheats his customers. The tale, which the Miller later narrates, is appropriate because the Miller’s tale clearly reflects this individual’s unrefined personality by telling a typical, filthy tavern story. The Canterbury Tales, written by Geoffrey Chaucer, is a story that details thirty pilgrims, including Chaucer, traveling on

A Summary of Opinions and Social Pressure Essay Example For Students

A Summary of Opinions and Social Pressure Essay Solomon Asch and his study on a group and individual pressure. â€Å"Life is not valued for its length, but for its content,† wrote the wise Seneca. The same measure, probably, should be assessed the scientific heritage, the value of which is sometimes disproportionately higher than its volume. During his nearly half a century of the scientific career, Solomon AsÃ' h has written just one book with the simple title â€Å"Social Psychology† (1952) and three dozen articles. However, a rare psychologist has managed to make such a major contribution to our understanding of human nature. Lets get acquainted with his analysis due to the summary of â€Å"Opinions and social pressure.† The problem of influencing the social pressure on the behavior of people is extremely relevant and always of interest to psychologists. The systematic study of the phenomenon of conformance (the influences of the majority on the individual) was carried out by Solomon Asch in 1951. He highlights a lot of information about the problem of the groups influence on the behavior of the individual. A summary of â€Å"Opinions and Social Pressure.† The experimental situation, modeled in the Solomon Asch experiment, was extremely important for the real situation of people communication. The essence of the experiment is the next: people are discussing certain issues when everyone has already spoken, they ask to talk about someone else. Solomon Asch discovered that a person in such a situation has either to suffer from group pressure or to inform his or her point of view. Solomon Asch had to discover the fact of how much the desire for adaptation changes the behavior of people. The scientist limited his experiment to the field of perception. He studied the phenomenon of dependence on a group in controlled laboratory conditions on an example of simple problems of visual comparison. As a result, Solomon Asch conducted a well-planned series of experiments according to the standard options. The experiment was organized and carried out thoroughly. He demonstrated the strength of the social-psychological law and showed how strong the influence of social pressure as well as group pressure is. In this simple experiment, people were able to discover the mistakes of other people and their rightfulness but nevertheless sought to adjust to the view of the majority. Solomon Asch in his â€Å"Opinions and social pressure† also conducted a study in which one person from seven forerunners gave the correct answer. Under these conditions, only 5% of the researchers agreed with the opinion of the majority. Consequently, social support reduces compliance. When there is at least one person who is on our side, we can stay true to our position, resist group pressure and avoid conformance of the majority. The scientist has discovered that the more attractive is a group to an individual, the closer the relationship of an individual with a group or the partner. In this situation, the partner is more willing to adjust his behavior and share the groups position. The partner number one will be the person whom the group likes the most and who shares its values. With an increase of the group, the tendency to conformance is increasing. The tendency toward conformance is strongly influenced by a group of 6-7 members, and for a further increase in the level of the dissenter, the level is evenly reduced. In the larger group, the partner gradually begins to doubt the sincerity of the group members and think about the conspiracy of the participants in order to exert pressure. By realizing such features, people begin to counteract the pressure. The importance of â€Å"Opinions and Social Pressure† experiment. .u9adff952030079c4c51f69c0566090fe , .u9adff952030079c4c51f69c0566090fe .postImageUrl , .u9adff952030079c4c51f69c0566090fe .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u9adff952030079c4c51f69c0566090fe , .u9adff952030079c4c51f69c0566090fe:hover , .u9adff952030079c4c51f69c0566090fe:visited , .u9adff952030079c4c51f69c0566090fe:active { border:0!important; } .u9adff952030079c4c51f69c0566090fe .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u9adff952030079c4c51f69c0566090fe { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u9adff952030079c4c51f69c0566090fe:active , .u9adff952030079c4c51f69c0566090fe:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u9adff952030079c4c51f69c0566090fe .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u9adff952030079c4c51f69c0566090fe .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u9adff952030079c4c51f69c0566090fe .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u9adff952030079c4c51f69c0566090fe .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u9adff952030079c4c51f69c0566090fe:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u9adff952030079c4c51f69c0566090fe .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u9adff952030079c4c51f69c0566090fe .u9adff952030079c4c51f69c0566090fe-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u9adff952030079c4c51f69c0566090fe:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Child Development: Amazing Power Of Baby Love And EssayThe research of Solomon Asch on social pressure and on group pressure make a great impression because it demonstrates the socio-psychological mechanism of the partner dependence, even in those conditions where a dissenter clearly recognizes his or her rightfulness and the mistakes of other people. Collisions of communication become dramatic in difficult situations where the partner does not have a certain position, the issues that are being considered are rather complex, and the pressure of the interested group is quite powerful. Aschs work has become an impetus for the study of the mechanism of social pressure as well as group pressure, which continues to this day. Criticism of the experiment reduced to the fact that it is possible to organize an experimental situation with a status to real situations. The remark is that the participants are easily disappeared to unanimity with the partner because the experimental situation is too simple and not very important. However, the behavior of people is likely to change when it comes to important values for them or when they are open to discover the unknown information. The experiments of Solomon Asch were not only approved of the majority of professional psychologists, which happens rarely but helped people to discover the truth of influence.

The 1000 Years of Revelation free essay sample

To develop the understanding of the topics under discussion in this paper, the main passage under consideration reads as follows in the New King James Version (NKJV): Then I saw an angel coming down from heaven, having the key to the bottomless pit and a great chain in his hand. 2 He laid hold of the dragon, that serpent of old, who is the Devil and Satan, and bound him for a thousand years; 3 and he cast him into the bottomless pit, and shut him up, and set a seal on him, so that he should deceive the nations no more till the thousand years were finished. But after these things he must be released for a little while. 4 And I saw thrones, and they sat on them, and judgment was committed to them. Then I saw the souls of those who had been beheaded for their witness to Jesus and for the word of God, who had not worshiped the beast or his image, and had not received his mark on their foreheads or on their hands. We will write a custom essay sample on The 1000 Years of Revelation or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page And they lived and reigned with Christ for a thousand years. 5 But the rest of the dead did not live again until the thousand years were finished. This is the first resurrection. 6 Blessed and holy is he who has part in the first resurrection. Over such the second death has no power, but they shall be priests of God and of Christ, and shall reign with Him a thousand years. Through history, scholars have not been able to agree on one interpretation of the millennium, the outcome intended of this paper is to provide the reader with adequate understanding of the interpretive issues of this passage. Through a review of the main elements of this difficult passage and the three main interpretive views that are supported today, the reader will be guided to reach his or her own conclusion on many of the issues that are in question. What is the Millennium? The word millennium comes from two Latin words, Mille, meaning â€Å"thousand,† and annum, meaning â€Å"year. † Simply put, â€Å"one thousand years,† but unfortunately that is where the simplicity ends. Now that we have a basis of a thousand years the question then becomes when does this thousand years fall into our past history, or is it to be some future event? This paper will consider the three major views which are post-millennialism, amillennialism, and premillennialism. All three of these views in this paper are not only based upon the timing of the return of Jesus Christ to the earth but they also incorporate much more than just the arrangement of the events that surround His coming back. Post-Millennialism One interpretive view is that of the post-millennialism. With the prefix of â€Å"Post,† this view is supportive of Jesus Christ returning to earth after the 1000 years. One major problem with the postmillennialist view is that the thousand years is not taken literally. In that the â€Å"thousand years† is used figuratively as a nondescript amount of time. Postmillennialists interpret the key text in Revelation 20 as that the Kingdom of Christ originally began in the first century with the preaching of the Gospel. Through the subsequent preaching and power of the Gospel the postmillennialist believes that the world has become and is becoming a better place. This view is often seen as the â€Å"optimistic† view of the millennium. In retrospect when looking at Christian history, this view must have gained credence with the advent of Christianity becoming the predominant religion of the Roman Empire under the Emperor Constantine. Many attribute the postmillennialist view with that of Augustine in the fourth century. The problem with this view is that Augustine supported the amillennialism view, which will be discussed later in this paper. In the postmillennialist view, over time the power of the Gospel will cause a great revival in the world that would extend to all facets of society, i. e. politics, education, etc. and that they would all come under the influence of Christian principles. The post-millennialists base these beliefs on certain key Scriptures like Mark 1:15 to support their theology. In the review of this passage, we see that Jesus says, â€Å"The time is fulfilled, and the kingdom of God is at hand. Repent, and believe in the gospel. †(NKJV) The word â€Å"time† that Jesus used holds the very meaning of this message. The Greek word that Jesus used is kairos meaning right time or opportune time. With that meaning Jesus was simply telling the audience that with the advent of His coming there was now an opportunity before them to become part of the kingdom of God and that they should not pass this opportunity up. If Jesus was trying to inform the audience that the time of the kingdom of God was beginning at that very moment, as the postmillennialists believe, then he would have used the Greek word, chronos, meaning chronological time. One major problem with the postmillennialist view is that since the coming of Jesus Christ, as a whole, the world has not become a better place, and except for rare occasions, such as the Reformations, society has not fallen under the influence of Christian theology. In consideration of the postmillennialist view some verses that should be review are 2 Timothy 3:13, â€Å"But evil men and impostors will grow worse and worse, deceiving and being deceived. † (NKJV) In this passage, Paul is explicitly explaining that there will be more and more false teachers, not more true preachers of the Gospel. Another verse that sheds light on the inconsistency of the postmillennialist view is that of Revelation 19:15b, â€Å"And He Himself will rule them with a rod of iron. †(NKJV) This is speaking of when Jesus comes back the second time to rule and that He has to do it with a rod of iron. If He has to rule with an â€Å"iron rod† how can it be considered that we could do it under our own power? Amillennialism The next interpretive view that we should examine is that of the amillennialist. As stated previously, this view began to influence the church under the teachings of Augustine, the bishop of Hippo, in the late fourth century. Augustine interpreted the statements in the book of Revelation allegorically or figuratively, much like the postmillennialists. Using the prefix a meaning â€Å"no† gives the idea that there is no millennium or 1000 years. Augustine believed that by looking at our spiritual blessings and riches that we have now, we now have as much millennium that we will ever know. In his views, Augustine did not stray too far from that of Origen in that the manifestation of the kingdom of God happens within the souls of man not the actual world. This symbolic interpretation of the Bible can become a â€Å"slippery slope. † Anthony Hoekema a proponent of amillennialism stated, â€Å"Literalism is the most stupid and dangerous scheme ever advocated. By not interpreting the Bible literally, some amillennialist believe that there is no future for Israel in that the church is now the believers and that there will be no literal tribulation and that the first of the two resurrections described in Revelation 20 is merely symbolic of the triumph of the Christian martyrs. In looking at our key verses, Revelation 20:1-6, as an amillennialist, in verse 1through 3 we see not a literal angel with the keys and chain but Jesus binding the Devil with His sacrificial work at Calvary. The problem with interpreting this passage symbolically is all the proof texts that we read in the New Testament where the Apostles warn the believers that the Devil is very active such as 1 Peter 5:8. In verse 5 where we are told the martyrs would live and reign with Jesus was the â€Å"first resurrection,† looking at it in an amillennialist viewpoint, this was just â€Å"new birth† that is experience by all Christians upon salvation. The question to ask is, â€Å"Who are the rest of the dead that did not live until after the 1000 years were finished? † Premillennialism The last major interpretive view of the 1000 years that we will consider is that of premillennialism. Premillennialist believe in the literal interpretation of Revelation 20:1-6 that there will be a 1000 year reign of Jesus Christ upon the earth after His second coming. Where the Amillennialists try to use different scriptures to disprove this passage, such as the cattle on a thousand hills (Psalms 50:10) where they ask couldn’t God own the cattle on a thousand and one hills? The Premillennialists see this passage as proof text of God fulfilling His promises to both Israel and the church. In consideration of the nation of Israel one passage, Psalms 22:27, 28: All the ends of the world Shall remember and turn to the Lord, And all the families of the nations Shall worship before You. 28 For the kingdom is the Lord’s, And He rules over the nations. Added to this and many other promises are the covenants made with Abraham that the nation of Israel would inhabit the land and the covenant with David that there would be a special ruler from David’s lineage, we can see that only the millennium will fulfill this promise. In concern of the church we see the promise of the reward to faithful believers being fulfilled in the millennium such as 2 Timothy 2:11, â€Å"This is a faithful saying: For if we died with Him, we shall also live with Him. If we endure, we shall also reign with Him. (NKJV) In a literal translation of the key scripture, the Premillennialist interprets it as a literal angel coming down and binding the Devil in the bottomless pit for a thousand years. This is to assure that Satan does not interfere with Jesus Christ’s kingdom for a thousand years. A corresponding Scripture to this interpretation is Isaiah 24:21, 22. Those who have survived the tribulation and not taken the mark of the Beast will then be ruled by Jesus Christ and those who are spoken of in verse 5 and 6, â€Å"Blessed and holy is he who has part in the first resurrection Over such the second death has no power, but they shall be priests of God and of Christ, and shall reign with Him a thousand years. (NKJV) Those that are part of the first resurrection are the Old Testament saints, the believers who died before the tribulation, those who are taken at the rapture of the church and those Saints who are martyred during the tribulation. They will be different than those who survived in that they will have a glorified body just as Christ did when He was resurrected. (Philippians 3:20, 21) Conclusion In looking at the three views considered in this paper, two of these, post-millennialism and amillennialism, have tried to say that since the 1,000 years is only specifically referenced in Revelation than it should not be taken literally. If this is true then should the seals, the two witnesses, the mark of the Beast, the twenty four Elders and other items that are described only in the book Revelation also be taken symbolically? When we consider some of the early Christians like Origen and Augustine and their beliefs, it would have been easy for any to speculate what the millennium actually was being that a thousand years had not transpired yet. However, now that we are in the second millennium their views require the discount of many key Scriptures that we have covered in this paper and many others not covered due to space. My prayer is that through revelation of the Holy Spirit those who consider a view that Jesus will not literally reign on earth for a thousand years will consult His Word and see that John revealed a literal kingdom on the literal earth with Jesus Christ literally sitting on the throne and the Saints literally ruling with Him for a literal thousand years.